Singer and Regan's Approaches to Animal Liberation Assignment

Singer and Regan's Approaches to Animal Liberation - Assignment Example Singer makes use of the rights language as shorthand for how we might want to treat other people in his arguments. Instead, singer argues that, when we put the consequences of an act into consideration when judging acts, it will be in order to put the interest of animals, primarily their interested to prevent any suffering, to have the same consideration to the same interest put on humans. That is to say, where one individual suffering either human or non-human is considered equal to that of any other, there is no reason that can justify one to put more weight to one of them. On the other hand, Regan’s approaches concerning animal rights are not driven by the ultimate consequences of the actions. Regan firmly holds the belief that animals are what he is referring as the â€Å"subjects of a life†, for that reason who has the moral rights, and for that reason, their moral rights should not be ignored as such. He argues that animals do have one moral right and even a legal one, and they should not be as anyone’s property. Singers approach of utilitarian means that he is judging the "rightest" of any act by the consequences it attracts. Specifically by the extent that the act tries to bring satisfaction to the things that are affected, maximizing on the pleasures developed and pain minimization. Other forms of utilitarianism do exist such as rule utilitarianism. This rule tries to judge the rightness of any action basing on the usual consequences of whichever the moral rule the act has been practiced. According to Singer’s grounds, he clearly states that there exists no moral ground when an individual fails to give equal consideration of rights that hang to the interests of both non-humans and humans.  

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example The current labor market in the UK has grown steadily in accordance with the employment rate and the number of people employed from the years of 1995 to 2008 according to the Labor force survey published in the Blue book 2008. The office of National Statistics 2008 reports, "Employment tends to react to changes in out put with a lag because of the costs of hiring and firing workers. Therefore, it is not surprising that weaker output growth has not caused large falls in employment. Moreover, in the first instance, employers can vary labor input through the number of hours worked, rather than laying off workers." The construction industry today in the United Kingdom consists of over 250 000 firms employing over 2.1 million people. This huge work force is spread over a multitude of namely construction materials and products suppliers and producers, contractors, sub- contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients. The United Kingdom construction output contributes 8.2% to the GVA (Gross Value Added) of the EU nations, which is the second largest. Below is the trend in the UK labor market represented in a graph. The graph, derived from figures published in the Blue Book 2008 reveal the labor employed in thousands across industries from the Year 1999 until 2007. It is a depiction of the Labor force trend in the UK. The graph showing an upward tren... Source: Fig 2.5 Pg 104 Blue book 2008 The above graph reflects a trend that has been steadily climbing over the years. However, the recent economic turmoil and the rise in the inflation have led to a complete crash of the housing industry affecting construction as a business and the employment in turn. The Olympics 2012 that proposes massive opportunities for this industry does not seem to stir or spur vibrant business in this sector as the people's daily reports "Builders of the 2012 Olympics facilities will have to compete for skilled workers due to a shortage in the labor market, according to Financial Times on Thursday. Construction Skills, a council established by the government to ensure that the industry has enough qualified workers, estimates that building for the Olympics will create 33,500 extra construction jobs over the next years. The peak year for employment would be 2010 when 7,500 workers would be needed, the council said. The construction industry forecast it needed 88,000 new recruits a year even before the Olympics were awarded to London." The above report indicates a shortage of labor in the UK for the construction business. Here's another report from the 'Thomson Financial' explaining the situation even more. The British construction industry has shown a"meek response" towards bidding for London 2012 Olympics projects which in turn could lead to a failure to achieve best value for money on the games, a group of British MPs said Wednesday. In a report, the committee said the 2012 games "represent a massive challenge for the construction industry". "The scale of the programme is twice that of Heathrow's recently opened Terminal 5, but must be delivered in half the time. It will use between

Increasing or restricting Andragogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Increasing or restricting Andragogy - Essay Example First, there is the problem within the nomenclature itself, problematized by both the terms 'adult' and 'education' that constitute it. Secondly, there is the problem of dissociating the term from within a matrix of related, but at more fundamental level, different terms like 'continuous education' and 'andragogy'. What really adds to our problem in this respect is the fact that we have to approach this problem at a time when an unprecedented complexity within the social formation itself has rendered educational institutes and education, both in definition and practice, complex. Therefore, we have to take into account both the objective semantics of the term as well as try and locate it within a specific twentieth century educational context.The term 'adult education' is a comparatively new one, coined much after it was actually in practice. It is a result of many years of evolutions, and its meaning, even now is far from simple and monolithic. Even as early as in 1927, Hall-Quest co nceded the difficulties in defining the term. One of the biggest problems related to the definition of 'adult education' is, whether it refers to a set of methodologies by which 'adults' can be taught, or is it a holistic term that includes the general endeavor of educating adults in a specific way as well as a detailed study of government adaptation and subsequent implementation of policies that target the adults specifically as the subject of educational instruction. Theorists like Alan Rogers have defined adult education as a process 'whereby anyone over 16 (or whatever) are treated as adults - capable, experienced, responsible and balanced people'. Such a definition has two major problems; first 'adult education' becomes synonymous with 'andragogy' thus affecting the semantic rigor of the term. Secondly, values like capability, experience and responsibility are more often than not terms defined by culture and there is no platform or parameter that is universally agreed upon, whi ch makes the term can lacking in ethnographic rigor. It is therefore, important that we first clear the ethnographic tangle and then go on to arrive at a working definition of the term. Who is an 'adult' It is probably the first major question we have to answer before we get into any further exposition of the term. An adult can be defined in respect to age: affixing a cut-off age as in legal and administrative procedures. However, in all streams of study and human discipline this parameter is the least applied. There are various methods of measuring adulthood, which are not concrete and yet central to an understanding of the phenomena, across the world which can often differ, and at times even oppose one another. Adulthood, in the West, is often associated with the ideas of independence, to have one's own principles and perceptions on life and the ability to live up to it. It is integrally connected to question of self-sufficiency and living on one's own term - which by corollary, means an ability to satisfy one's own desires. In a num ber of Oriental cultures, Japan for example, this itself can be a mark of juvenile world-view and immaturity, because in that culture it is the ability to submerge one's own desires and to sacrifice them is what is counted as a true adult behavior. These dichotomies immediately place any ethnographic approach towards defining the term on slippery and problematic ground. Similarly there is little agreement

Air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Air pollution - Essay Example From this research it is clear that air pollution has become a major environmental health problem affecting both developed and developing countries throughout the world. The consequence has been that air pollution is causing human health problems as well as damage to vegetation, crops, wildlife, materials, buildings and even the climate. In the U.S., the largest sources of air pollution, in order of importance, are: 1) transportation, mainly automobiles and trucks; 2) electric power plants that bum coal or oil; and 3) industry, for which the major sources include steel mills, metal smelters, oil refineries, and paper mills. The most common air pollution problem resulting from these emission sources is ground-level ozone (O3), According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), non-attainment of EPA requirements for O3 is the most common air pollution problem facing large cities in the U.S. It is estimated that, 160 million people in the U.S. lived in areas that are in non-attainment of healthful O3 levels (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. In the past, efforts to reduce air pollution have consisted primarily of "command and control" programs that involve enforcement of government regulations designed to reduce toxic emissions. Such programs have proven highly effective in reducing industrial, point source pollution and causing auto manufacturers to produce cleaner burning automobiles.... The stratospheric level of the earth's atmosphere lies directly above the troposphere, which extends from sea level to approximately 8-9 miles above the earth's surface. It is in the troposphere that nearly all forms of life on earth reside. Within the stratosphere lies a highly concentrated level of ozone, commonly referred to as the ozone layer. The highest concentrations of O3 within the stratosphere occur between 11-15 miles above the earth's surface. This stratospheric ozone layer is essential to the maintenance of life on earth, protecting the earth's inhabitants from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Buchholz 1). Thus, free of human interference, the stratospheric ozone layer is continually maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between ozone production and ozone destruction that maintains the earth's protective ozone layer. While O3 also occurs naturally in very small amounts at ground level in the troposphere, in urban areas throughout the U.S., tropospheric O3 levels are rising to unhealthful levels (Buchholz 1). In affected urban areas, O3 air pollution reaches its highest level between the months of May and September when temperatures are high and sunlight abundant. O3 forms at ground level when volatile organic compounds (VOC's) combine with nitrogen dioxides (NOx) in the presence of heat and light (Buchholz 1). NOx is formed via the burning of fossil fuels at high temperatures, and is the primary precursor to O3, NOx and VOC's, are emitted into the air by motor vehicles, electrical power plants and other industrial plants. Because the O3 molecule is highly reactive, it acts as a powerful oxidant. Consequently, ground-level ozone negatively affects human

Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nazi Germany - Essay Example European history exhibits myriad number of totalitarian practices before, during, and after the first half of the 20th century. In this respect, Nazi Germany became part of the totalitarian history in Europe. This followed the appointment of Adolf Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany on the 30th of January, 1933 (Paxton and Julie 317). Hitler and his party consolidated political power in Germany and controlled every aspect of people’s lives. As a result, Nazi Germany was not necessarily an anomaly of history, since there had been other totalitarian rulers before Hitler. For instance, Tsars government in Russia had centralized political power and authority even before Hitler was appointed as Germany’s chancellor. While totalitarian practices were not new in the history of Europe, Hitler had taken his rule to another step. Hitler’s form of leadership took totalitarian rules and practices to an extreme high end. He not only controlled the lives of the people in Germany, but also destroyed political institutions and eliminated all aspects of opposition in his leadership. The cultural, social, economic, religious, and political face of Germany critically changed over the years of Hitler’s rule (Paxton and Julie 342). Consequently, the impact of Germany’s history on that of Europe remains alive to date. The cultural and social aspects of Germany were not spared by Hitler’s rule, and the Nazi Germany critically reshaped these aspects. For instance, homosexual rights groups were restricted in the year 1933, Jehovah witnesses were massively arrested from the year 1936, habitual criminals were arrested and punished from 1937 onwards, employment of Jews was banned in the year 1938, and Jewish businesses were sold to Aryans (Paxton and Julie 359). These among other activities characterized the kind of life that people lived in Germany, following the

Development of a MARKETING PLAN for Fat Face Ltd in Canada Essay

Development of a MARKETING PLAN for Fat Face Ltd in Canada - Essay Example In addition to its clothing business operations, the company also focuses on charitable activities so as to dispose its social responsibilities more efficiently. â€Å"Life is out there, make the most of it† is the philosophy followed by the Fat Face Ltd (‘History our philosophy’, Fat Face, n.d.). The company is always careful in preserving its employees’ interests and wellbeing. Recently, the company has appointed Anthony Thompson as its new Chief Executive. The Fat Face’s latest financial reports reflect that the company is growing fastly. The firm’ financial statements in 2010 indicates that the company achieved a sales rise by 4.3% and obtained a revenue of 135.4 million over the year. In order to take advantages of this increased market demand, the company is trying to open subsidiaries across the globe. This paper intends to develop a marketing plan for Fat face Ltd in Canada. Canadian market conditions When a firm plans to launch its br anches in a foreign region, it must be aware of the different market aspects of the target country. In the given case, the Fat Face Ltd proposes to launch its product lines in the Canadian market. Canada is a North American country that constitutes 0.5% of the world’s population. Although Canada represents smaller proportion of population, according to UN HDI, â€Å"Canada accounts for 2.2% of global emissions† (Canada: Country analysis report’, March 2010). In order to mitigate the increasing environmental problems, the government has imposed restrictions on certain type of industries. However, the PESTLE analysis highlights that Canada is a high potential country in terms of government effectiveness. The Canadian political world is dominated by the conservative and Liberal parties which together form the strong democratic set-up of Canada. The Canadian government encourages regional trade and it adds to the industrial viability of the nation. It is observed th at Canada always keeps better foreign relationship that makes the country a potential market for international expansion. These positive factors would certainly assist Fat Face to run its venture in Canada with little chance of unexpected interruption. At the same time, disparity in developmental operations seriously impinges on the sustainable economic growth of the country. The Canadian economic features of strong banking system and extreme business freedom make the nation’s market potential for foreign business magnets. The global economic slowdown has affected the nation’s development to a large extent because the situation forced Canadian government to extend the rate of unemployment benefits and cut down personal income. The nation’s low productivity can also be directly attributed to the global financial crisis. At this juncture, the unsatisfactory employment rate of Canada is beneficial for Fat Face as this condition would offer sufficient employees/manp ower to the firm. Moreover, the impeded economic development may persuade the Canadian government to welcome the arrival of a leading clothing industry to their market. The PESTLE analysis also reveals that country’s population aged 65 and above frequently increases; it may adversely affect the company’

Job search plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job search plan - Research Paper Example Consequently, the formation forms a crucial source of natural gas reservoirs. Thus natural gas extracted from these reservoirs would be used as a source of energy. Marcellus Shale, like other fossil fuel formations such as oil and coal, was essentially formed through decomposition of remains of plants and animals over a long spell of time. Natural gas could be formed through two processes which include the following: Thermogenic formation. This process refers to the formation of natural gas as a result of temperature and pressure changes in the Earth’s crust resulting in compression effects on the overlying debris. Consequently, Marcellus Shale formation was as a result of a thermogenic formation process. Thus, the shale is a geological formation that was formed as a result of accumulation of sediments in the sea. Consequently, organic matter (such as the remains of plants and animals) was compressed at extremely high pressures for a long time. This process resulted in the formation of thermogenic methane. The organic particles decomposed were covered in mud and other sediments. Consequently, the debris exerted pressure on the underlying organic matter. This cycle was carried on for long spells of time amounting to millions of years. Thus, with time, more and more sediments and debris was piled on the organic matter beneath the materials. This, in turn, continued to exert increased pressure on the organic matter. As a result, the organic matter was compressed. Consequently, the compression resulting from the overlying debris broke down the organic matter. This process was also aided by the exi stence of extremely high temperatures beneath the Earth’s crust (Victor, and Jaffe 26). Since the crust’s temperature increase with depth, at shallow deposits with low temperature, more oil was produced as opposed to natural gas. However, at deep deposits with extremely high